Tree Surgeon Preston

Preston Tree Care and Tree Surgery

Preston Tree Surgeons (PR1): We all like to see trees, and having trees in our garden is an extra bonus for providing a home for birds and wildlife, for adding colour and beauty and for offering pleasant shade on hot summers days. But, to balance the positive things about trees, there are also downsides. Trees can become diseased and unhealthy. Trees can get damaged by wind and gales. Trees can become much too huge for our gardens in Preston. If concerns are growing about your trees in Preston, a tree surgeon is the person to call.

Preston Tree Surgeon Quotes (PR1)

Who you going to call? A tree surgeon! - Tree surgeons in Preston play an essential role in the general care and maintenance of trees for a selection of both public and private customers. The list of services that a trained tree surgeon in Preston may provide is wide ranging, but would include: inspections and hazard assessments, the safe planting of trees, tree felling and removal, the pruning of dead, invasive or weak branches, along with general tree maintenance.

Professional Tree Surgeon Preston Lancashire

However, a tree surgeon's work doesn't stop with trees alone. A tree surgeon in Preston will tackle other duties, such as hedge pruning and maintenance, shrub care and stump removal. If you have any doubts about the structural integrity of a tree, the best individual to call is a tree surgeon, as they can quickly appraise and give a report on possible threats, and provide guidance on what should be done next.

Any sensible person in Preston would recognise that tree surgery is a hugely risky task, and that it shouldn't be tackled by someone that is not professionally trained. Whilst you might be tempted to avoid the costs and opt for a do-it-yourself approach, it is definitely not the wisest decision to make. To carry out the work they are required to do, tree surgeons need to be qualified, physically fit and experienced.

While harnessed to a tree and high up in the air, tree surgery and care will often involve the use of dangerous power tools. So, you can see why it isn't a task for novices! To accomplish a tree surgery project, a team of tree surgeons who are all specialists in their field, will usually be involved, and this should include both climbers and a ground team. An unqualified individual would find it nigh on impossible to complete the work with anything like this level of risk assessment, competence and experience.

Local Tree Surgeons Preston (01772)

As soon as you've come to the decision that you require the help of a qualified tree surgeon in Preston, you'll need to take steps to find a good one. But, how should this be accomplished? Well, a few things will need to be checked, for example how much it will cost and what qualifications they have. Below, we will be looking at just some of the things you need to look for when picking a tree surgeon in Preston.

To dispel any doubts that they are correctly trained and competent, you first of all need to make certain that they have the appropriate qualifications. The National Proficiency Tests Council is the governing body issuing certifications to tree surgeons. Any Preston tree surgeon should hold the following certifications at the bare minimum:

  • NPTC 203 (CS31) - Fell and process small trees.
  • NPTC 201/202 (CS30) - Chainsaw crosscutting and maintenance.
  • NPTC 206/306 (CS38) - Climb a tree and carry out aerial rescue.
  • NPTC 308 (CS39) - Chainsaw use from rope & harness.

Since having such certifications signifies that they've accomplished the proper training, it's worthwhile tracking down a tree surgeon that has them, although this is not actually a legal requirement. Having such qualifications should provide you with reassurance that the work will be done safely and successfully. It's also vital that some basic First Aid qualifications are held by tree surgeons, forestry workers and arborists, and they must carry a suitable First Aid kit in line with HSE workplace guidelines.

The next step will be to get a few quotations from different tree surgeons in Preston, and meticulously check out their breakdown of costs, and the work that is included in the price. One particular thing to keep an eye out for is if the estimate covers the the removal and disposal of the vast amounts of waste frequently produced by tree maintenance and surgery, quite often it does not! Removing waste can be costly and inconvenient for the client so it is definitely better to have the tree surgeons remove and dispose of this themselves if you can.

Click Here For Tree Surgery Estimates in the Preston Area

As well as this, ensure that you are prepared to ask lots of important questions when you meet the tree surgeon. For example, you'll want to know precisely who will be doing the actual work. Can you meet up with them in advance? Will it be a gang of people or just one individual on their own? Are my home or my neighbours going to be impacted by the work? How long will the job take? What techniques of tree removal or surgery is going to be used?

The more questions that you ask, the less likely you are to have any nasty surprises as work progresses.

Tree Surgery Preston (PR1)

You should also pay attention to what your tree surgeon says. Listening to how they describe the work they intend to do will give you clues about their standards of expertise and professionalism. If someone is talking about 'lopping and topping', this is often associated with the more old-fashioned workers, who might not be familiar with modern techniques and technologies. A fully trained, professional and experienced tree surgeon in Preston should really be using the correct terminology like 'crown lifting', 'crown thinning', 'pruning', 'pollarding' and 'crown reduction'. Although this alone shouldn't be taken as evidence of ability, when it comes to the experience of your tree surgeon, it can be a valuable clue.

To summarise, when you have tree surgery or tree maintenance needs in Preston, it is always worth the effort of consulting a number of tree surgeons. If you find the right one, you can rely on having an expertly undertaken job, accounting for all possible hazards and ensuring all of your requirements are fully catered to in a timely manner.

Click For Tree Surgery Quotes in Preston Lancashire

Local Preston tree surgeons will probably have the postcode PR1 and the dialling code 01772. They'll operate in Preston itself, in addition to nearby areas such as Walton-le-Dale, Coup Green, Lostock Hall, Grimsarg, Goosnargh, Bamber Bridge, Whitestake, Longridge, Samlesbury, Hall Green, Hutton, Ashton-on-Ribble, Ingol, Kirkham, Longton, Ribbleton, Elston, Leyland, Cottam, Higher Bartle, and these postcodes: PR1 2BT, PR1 0AH, PR1 1QU, PR1 2AB, PR1 1WS, PR1 2AH, PR1 1PH, PR1 1WR, PR1 0YN, PR1 2BW. Checking this can make sure that you access a local tree surgeon. Preston homeowners will be able to utilise these and countless other similar services.

For this type of assistance it's definitely advisable to bring in a certified tree surgeon. Preston householders can benefit from the know-how and expertise offered by a seasoned professional.

Stump Grinding

Stump Grinding Preston

It is vital to it is wise to call in a tree surgeon having the correct knowhow and tools, when you need to get specialist services such as stump grinding carried out in Preston. Experienced tree surgeons should be able to extract every bit of tree stump to a good twelve inches below ground level. Grinding down stubborn roots and stumps within a few millimetres of structures and walls while avoiding damage, can only be carried out if the tree surgeon has the use of the correct machinery. Even any obstinate stumps which are tucked away in passageways and alleys, can be extracted using the correct equipment. It can involve a herculean effort to get rid of the stumps of huge trees, where the stump and thicker roots grow down to a considerable depth, making the task even more challenging if you do not have the proper gear. (Tags: Tree Stump Removal Preston, Stump Removal Preston, Stump Grinding Preston)

The Skills and Knowledge Needed to be a Tree Surgeon in Preston

  • Be patient and have the ability to stay calm in stressful situations.
  • Be professional and able to complete tasks within a specified timeframe.
  • Be alert to the complexities and dangers involved in all aspects of tree work.
  • Physical skills like movement and co-ordination.
  • Customer service skills.
  • Have essential computer skills and know how to complete tasks with handheld devices.
  • The cabability to work alongside others.
  • Have a good understanding of public security and safety.
  • Have an organised and methodical working approach.
  • Have the ability to work with your hands.
  • Be capable of maintaining, repairing and using tools and machines.

Dutch Elm Disease

Devastating tree stocks and killing tens of millons of precious elm trees throughout the United Kingdom over the past fifty years or so, Dutch Elm Disease (Ophiostoma novo-ulmi) isn't so common now, as it was previously. Unintentionally introduced into the United Kingdom from North America (Canada) in the late Sixties, Dutch Elm Disease (DED) is spread by the elm bark beetle (particularly the Scolytus genus) and caused by the fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi.

After its arrival, it was quickly spread through the movement of elm products like saplings, mulching bark, elm crates, and logs with the bark on. Dutch Elm Disease did not only affect the British Isles, but also decimated elm stocks in continental Europe and North America, it is thought to have originated in Asia (most likely Japan).

The first symptoms of DED are:

  • Clusters of leaves turning yellow and wilting.
  • Twigs that turn into a "shepherd's crook" shape.
  • Dark streaks underneath the bark of twigs.
  • Shoots that die back from the tip.

It typically starts to appear in early summer.

Due to disease and the subsequent felling of dead, dying and infected trees, there are now very few large elms remaining in Great Britain's countryside, therefore the spread has slowed and the favourite habitat of the beetle largely decimated. New saplings have also been successfully propagated from elms that have so far proved resistant.

You can get in touch with your local tree surgeon for help and advice, if you are suspicious that you might have affected elm trees in your garden in Preston, or you could ask for a diagnosis from the THDAS (Tree Health Diagnostic and Advisory Service), for which there is a fee.

Tree Emergencies Preston

Whilst emergencies are rare with regards to trees in your garden, accidents can happen, therefore it might be wise to have an emergency contact number where you can reach a tree surgeon in Preston. When there are gales and high winds, Preston tree surgeons notice a surge in emergency calls, and many of them offer a 24/7 service. The risk of damage or injury is increased when the weather is gusty, with branches breaking off and plummeting to the ground below, and occasionally even entire trees toppling over. When tree limbs and branches start falling damaged fences, cracked greenhouses, busted garden furniture and squashed sheds are a common result, therefore avoidance is preferable to having to tackle the consequences.

Emergency tree care services will also frequently be needed by the local council in the Preston area, as large branches sometimes snap off and fall onto railway lines, streets and public footpaths, necessitating rapid attention.

There may be a requirement for "re-balancing" a tree, even after emergency tree surgery has been successfully done, because due to the loss of some limbs, there might be an uneven weight distribution, which could be unsafe but also unsightly. If you're experiencing any of these tree related issues, you should not try to tackle any of them on your own, and you must promptly call up a local tree surgeon in Preston who provides emergency services, so they can advise on the most effective strategy. You can also obtain emergency tree surgery in Walton-le-Dale, Coup Green, Lostock Hall, Grimsarg, Goosnargh, Bamber Bridge, Whitestake, Longridge, Samlesbury, Hall Green, Hutton, Ashton-on-Ribble, Ingol, Kirkham, Longton, Ribbleton, Elston, Leyland, Cottam, Higher Bartle, and Preston itself. (Tags: Emergency Call-Outs Preston, Emergency Tree Surgery Preston, Tree Care Emergencies Preston, Emergency Tree Services Preston).

Tree Surveys Preston

There are a number of occasions when tree surveys might be required, property extension and land development being the most common. As outlined by BS5837 British Standards, if you happen to be clearing some land to make room for an extension to an existing property or a brand new home in Preston, and trees exist on that land, you may need to organise a tree survey. Tree surveys in Preston should be undertaken by a certified arboricultural surveyor or tree surgeon, and this applies whether the survey is being undertaken on either a public or private property.

For the area in question, a number of details will be gathered about all of the trees within it. For example:

  • The number of trees (those of over 75mm diameter 1.5m from the ground).
  • The existence of any Tree Preservation Orders (TPOs).
  • The structural and physiological health of the trees.
  • The spread of branches to South, North, West and East.
  • The species of each tree (either scientific or common).
  • Allocating a unique reference number for each tree.
  • The height of each tree.
  • The age of the trees.
  • The diameter of each tree (taken 1.5m above ground level).
  • Guidelines for tree management.
  • The predicted lifespan of the trees.

You will most likely not need to carry out a tree survey if you are doing work on an existing home or property in Preston but you aren't increasing the footprint of the building and aren't modifying the access points or service lines.

Safety

Tree Surgery Safety Preston Lancashire

Tree surgery can soon become an extremely dangerous procedure if done incorrectly, hence one of the principle considerations is the safety issue. Inexperienced or untrained "tree surgeons" are apt to take shortcuts and just ignore recognised safety guidance, with the result that there could be falling branches and timber, not putting on hearing or eye protection, a lack of head protection, failing to put on cut resistant clothing (especially leggings and safety boots), neglecting to cordon-off the work area to safeguard the public and vehicles and hardly any protection from falling, in the shape of platforms, harnesses and ropes. What might be susceptible because of such incompetencies are nearby buildings, pedestrians, vehicles, the actual tree, facilities on the street, team members working on the ground, fencing and garden features, the tree surgeon himself (up the tree), the property owners family.

Deadwooding Preston

An important part of tree care and management, the process of dead-wooding will be carried out by all competent tree surgeons in Preston. Where there's a threat to homes, vehicles or passers-by, dead-wooding is conducted to carefully remove the dead and dying branches that are likely to fall. A tree's branches can die for a number of reasons, the most widespread being heavy shading, a damaged root system, disease or pest attacks.

Although the most frequent rationale for removing dead branches is that of safety, it's also often done for the overall benefit of the tree, or for aesthetic reasons. It's possible to radically improve a tree's health by eliminating dead, dying and damaged branches, an excessive number of which will attract insect infestations and the spread of disease. Trees that have lots of dead wood also look ugly, therefore to improve its appearance, this could all be cut off.

Usually only larger dead branches will be taken off, because smaller ones present very little risk. Although, any dead branches that are over 50mm in diameter may have to be removed in areas where a tree overhangs a public area, a park, a garden, a highway or a dwelling in Preston.

Protecting Shrubs and Trees in the Wintertime

While you might not think that the weather conditions in the UK are harsh enough to justify protecting your trees and shrubs, it may be a good idea to take another look at this. Even the most hardy of shrubs, plants and trees can find it tough during winter, and any amount of added protection during times of severe cold will certainly be a benefit.

Although most of your trees will have already shed their leaves come wintertime in Preston, it is storms and high winds that are the biggest worry, and despite the fact that they may offer less wind resistance, they might still be damaged. If a tree on your property has been damaged by wind, or is swaying and at risk of falling, a tree surgeon should be brought in to carry out an assessment. Damage to trees can also result from heavy snow, therefore when this kind of weather is expected, keep an eye out for trouble. A deep layer of mulch round the base of shrubs and trees (in particular freshly planted ones), can help in keeping the roots frost-free and preventing them from becoming dehydrated.

Air-Spading Preston

When a tree's health is causing you some concerns, this may be down to any one of a number of factors, but is very often because of problems with the root system. Easy accessibility to the roots of your tree is essential for a local Preston tree surgeon to check for soil compaction, root rot and other possible issues.

During the past this was quite problematic, due to the chance of root damage during the process of digging down. Many modern day tree surgeons in Preston use a technique known as "air spading", which uses compressed air to efficiently break down and remove compressed soil without the risk of damage to the tree's roots, or any utilities that happen to be nearby.

On occasion, construction work, foot traffic or passing vehicles can cause the soil around a tree's roots to become compacted, and this is known to adversely affect its health. A tree can become "stressed" when it does not get sufficient nutrients and water, which renders it more prone to attack by diseases, insects and pests. Air spading is also useful for resolving root flare problems, when the flare at the base of the tree becomes covered with soil, causing the tissue to break down, and increasing the chances of root rot.

This innovative process involves the use of an air-spading tool and an air compressor which directs air into the soil at speeds of up to twelve hundred miles per hour, the air enters the voids in the soil and immediately breaks it up, while leaving tree roots and nearby utilities untouched. As the compacted soil is directed away from the tree's roots by the powerful flow of air, immediate inspection is possible. A solution can then be found for any problems, and the previously compact soil replaced with a looser layer of wood mulch and fertiliser to help rejuvenate the tree. (Tags: Air-Spade Investigations Preston, Air-Spade Preston, Air-Spading Preston).

Coming Soon: Tree pruning Preston.

Leave Them a Review

For any business in Preston, reviews and testimonials are their driving force, and the difference between a prospective client using a company, or going with someone else, can be whether they have great online reviews or not. If you've received great work, why not take the time to thank them by giving a review of their performance on your tree surgery project. Prospective future clients can benefit from learning of your personal experience, and naturally there are benefits for the business as well. Cast your mind back to when you were hunting for someone to do your work and how positive or negative reviews helped you choose. Even if you had visited a company website which looks extremely impressive, you would likely have looked someplace else if they did not have meaningful reviews.

Leaving a Review

But, when customer reviews are conspicuously displayed on a company website, can you actually have faith that they're authentic? So as to promote their services, are these reviews written by a member of the company, or are they penned by "real" customers?

A good way to look for genuine and sincere reviews of any service or company in Preston is to check out Google My Business reviews, which are far more likely to be reliable. For determining a company's reputation, this is THE go-to review website that's trusted all over the world, and the search engine rankings of a company website can also be impacted by the results. Another alternative when you're trying to leave a review for a trustworthy local company or service in Preston, is Bing Places for Business, which is Google My Business's key rival and the second biggest review website on the web. Helping to increase the profile of the company that successfully worked on your tree surgery project, leaving a review here can also provide an overview of their working standards and trustworthiness. Feedback and reviews can also be posted on Twitter and Facebook, which are great and instantly visible ways to promote a local company. A major part of any small business's marketing and promotion strategy, these social media websites are an important part of the review process. Adding your own approving review will go some way to reinforcing their sales message, and will help others who are hunting for similar services.

Even in these high-tech, modern times, a traditional hand-drafted thankyou letter is more than acceptable. Letters like this are still essential, even in an online world, and can be photographed in for use on business websites. No matter what approach you use to provide your review, it is wonderful to feel that you have helped a local small business get a foothold in the marketplace.

Tree Surgery Tasks Preston

Tree Surgery Tasks Preston UK

Preston tree surgeons can normally help with retrenchment pruning, brush cutting services, tree bracing, tree pruning, tree waste removal, tree transplanting, crown cleaning, root removal Preston, site clearance, landscaping in Preston, woodland clearances Preston, the protection of trees from grazing, monitoring of tree health, tree topping in Preston, landscape clearing, tree surveys Preston, hedge reduction, crown removal, drop crotching, tree removal Preston, emergency tree surgery, root grinding, woodland management Preston, tree lightening protection, fruit tree pruning Preston, stump removal, root decompaction, repair of storm damaged trees, forestry management, tree reduction, eco plug treatments in Preston, crown lifting, commercial tree care, tree lopping, tree shaping and other tree surgeon services in Preston, Lancashire. Listed are just a small portion of the activities that are conducted by a local tree surgeon. Preston professionals will let you know their full range of services.

Getting Advice and Information

To ensure you hire a tree surgeon who's both up to the job and who'll not cause irreparable damage to your trees, there are a few specific questions you must ask when trying to find a tree surgeon in Preston. Applicable questions ought to be along the lines of: Have you got public liability and employers insurance? Can you produce references from satisfied clients? Does your work comply with the British Standard? Do you have membership of a trusted professional association (i.e. The Arboricultural Association or the International Society of Arboriculture)? Can you give me a quotation in writing? Do your personnel and you have the required qualifications and certificates (for using chainsaws and tree care)? If your tree surgeon doesn't give you positive responses to any of these questions, keep searching.

Tree Surgery Advice

To find an abundance of useful details regarding how to choose a decent tree surgeon, in conjunction with a searchable directory of approved tree surgeons in Great Britain, you should visit the Arboricultural Association (AA) website. Another leading resource is the International Society of Arboriculture site which also has a "find an arborist (tree surgeon)" tool and a "verify tree surgeon's credentials" tool. You can also study lots of information about tree surgery as a profession if you visit the Wikipedia "Arborist" webpage here. Trustmark is a Government endorsed organisation that's also an excellent stop-off-point for identifying trusted contractors. Providing a level playing field of confidence and quality, Trustmark centres on technical competency, customer service and good trading practices.

Tree Surgery Apprenticeships - Courses - Training Preston

Tree Surgery Training - Courses - Apprenticeships Preston

For those who love the outdoor life, having a job in a profession like tree surgery can be extremely satisfying and rewarding. There are a number of ways by which you can begin a career in tree surgery including beginning at the bottom (perhaps as a groundworker) and working your way up, enrolling for a college course, subscribing to a private course, being accepted into a tree surgery apprenticeship or taking a course in university. For youngsters, applications for tree surgery apprenticeships in Preston (where available) can be sent in whilst they are still attending school. All over the British Isles, there are private and college courses in tree surgery, and folks of all ages can enroll. Students with the required qualifications (typically one to three "A" levels) can aim for foundation degrees, degrees and higher national diplomas at university, in one of the several related sectors such as arboriculture, woodland conservation & ecology, forestry, countryside management and forest management. Last but not least, you may be able to gain a bit of practical tree management experience by volunteering for the Tree Council, the Woodland Trust, the National Trust or the Forestry Commission, all of who often have positions on offer. If you arrived here looking for details on "how to become a tree surgeon in Preston", we hope this article has proven to be useful. The place to head to find out all there is to know concerning ways to become a tree surgeon is the website of the National Careers Service. (Tags: Tree Surgery Courses Preston, Tree Surgery Training Preston, Tree Surgery Apprenticeships Preston)

Contact a Tree Surgeon Preston

Tree Surgeons Near Preston: Also find: Grimsarg tree surgeons, Leyland tree surgeons, Coup Green tree surgeons, Elston tree surgeons, Higher Bartle tree surgeons, Ribbleton tree surgeons, Longridge tree surgeons, Bamber Bridge tree surgeons, Hutton tree surgeons, Goosnargh tree surgeons, Whitestake tree surgeons, Longton tree surgeons, Lostock Hall tree surgeons, Ashton-on-Ribble tree surgeons, Ingol tree surgeons, Kirkham tree surgeons, Walton-le-Dale tree surgeons, Samlesbury tree surgeons, Hall Green tree surgeons, Cottam here. All of these towns and villages are covered by a tree surgeon. Preston residents can get estimates by going here.

Lancashire Tree Surgeons

Surgeons Services PR1 01772 Surgery Tree Care Tree Surgeon Care Trees Lancashire Near Me Preston Tree Surgeon Green

In the Lancashire area you will additionally find: Overton tree care services, Westhead tree care services, Wheelton tree management, Poulton le Fylde tree surgery, Livesey tree surgeon, Goosnargh tree surgery, Warton tree care services, Broughton tree surgeons, Euxton tree surgery, North Meols tree surgeons, Anderton tree surgeon, Bispham tree care services, Farington tree care services, Chatburn tree management, Brindle tree surgery, Clifton tree management, Hoddlesden tree care, Silverdale tree management, Wrea Green tree management, Rufford tree care services, North Meols tree surgeons, Elswick tree surgeons, Singleton tree management, Samlesbury tree surgery, Adlington tree care services, Barrowford tree surgery, Ulnes Walton tree surgery, Livesey tree care services, Altham tree surgeon, Much Hoole tree surgeon. In every district of Lancashire you should be able to track down tree surgeons who'll offer quality services for your tree care requirements. If you cannot identify the perfect tree surgeon in Preston itself then you should not have any issues locating a decent one near at hand.

More Preston Trades: Naturally, when you're having tree surgery done in Preston, Lancashire, you will likely need other garden related services, and along with a tree surgeon in Preston, Lancashire, you could also need garden pond builders in Preston, driveways in Preston, garden sheds in Preston, garden design and planning in Preston, landscaping in Preston, fence fitters in Preston, rubbish removal in Preston, garden clearance in Preston, hedge clipping in Preston, patio installers in Preston, artificial grass installation in Preston, grass cutting services in Preston, weeding in Preston, decking fitters in Preston, soil drainage services in Preston, local SKIP HIRE in Preston, and other different Preston tradespeople.

Tree Surgeons Around Preston: Tree surgery quotes were recently needed by householders living in the following Preston streets: Samuel Street, Dudley Close, Carver Brow, Springfield Gardens, Alice Avenue, Dove Street, Denford Avenue, Sherdley Road, Cabus Nook Lane, Catherine Street, Azalea Close, Bannister Hall Works, Cambridge Walk, Shalgrove Field, Ashurst Road, Sharoe Mount Avenue, Arno Street, Ashleigh Street, Alder Road, Threshers Court, Aiken Court, Bensons Lane, Tennyson Avenue, Albrighton Crescent, Ansdell Grove, School Lane, Ash Lane, Southlands Drive, Birkdale Drive, Douglas Avenue, as well as in these postcodes: PR1 2BT, PR1 0AH, PR1 1QU, PR1 2AB, PR1 1WS, PR1 2AH, PR1 1PH, PR1 1WR, PR1 0YN, PR1 2BW. Work was performed in these areas by a certified tree surgeon. Preston home and business owners enjoyed competent and professional tree surgery services on every occasion.

To find out local Preston information check here

Tree Surgeon Jobs Preston: Find Preston tree surgeon jobs here: Preston Tree Surgeon Jobs

Tree Surgery PR1 area, and dialling code 01772.

TOP - Tree Surgeon Preston

Tree Management Preston - Tree Surgeon Preston - Crown Lifting Preston - Stump Removal Preston - Tree Surgeons Preston - Tree Reshaping Preston - Forest Management Preston - Arboriculture Preston - Tree Felling Preston

HOME - TREE SURGEON UK

(This tree surgeon Preston content was updated on 13-10-2022)